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Typescript transcript of interview with Gen William Smith, US Air Force, assistant to Gen Maxwell D Taylor, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1962-1964, relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962. 29pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Vietnamese Gen Vo Nguyen Giap, relating to the Vietnamese victory over the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954; the Geneva peace conference between Vietnamese and French delegations to end the Indo-China War, 1954; the partition of Vietnam on the seventeenth parallel of latitude, 1954; the creation of the Viet Cong to oppose the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Republic of Vietnam, 1960; the conflict in South Vietnam between President Diem's armed forces and the Viet Cong, 1960-1963; the creation of the Ho Chi Minh Trail as a supply line between North and South Vietnam, May 1959; the first deployment of US ground forces to Vietnam, 1965; the economic and military support given to North Vietnam by the USSR and the People's Republic of China, 1965-1975; the official visit by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai to Hanoi, North Vietnam, 1964; the belief that the Vietnam War was a proxy conflict between the superpowers, 1965-1975; the rumour that John Foster Dulles, US Secretary of State, 1953-1959, offered France US atomic bombs to use in Indo-China following the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, 1954; speculation on the possible use of US nuclear weapons in Vietnam, 1965-1975; the Battle of Khe Sanh, Jan-Apr 1968; the importance of the Ho Chi Minh Trail to the North Vietnamese war effort, 1959-1975; the Battles of Thanh mountain, Van Tuong and Na Trang, [1965]; the US bombing of North Vietnam, Mar 1965-Nov 1968, and 1972; the Tet offensive, Jan-Feb 1968; the Vietnamese victory against the USA and South Vietnamese forces in the Vietnam War, 1975; Giap's opinion of US Presidents Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1963-1969, and Richard Milhous Nixon, 1969-1974, and of Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, 1961-1968, and Dr Henry Alfred Kissinger, US Secretary of State, 1973-1977; the impact of the Vietnam War on the future foreign policy of the USA, 1975-1996. 38pp (two versions)

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Vernon Anthony Walters, US Ambassador-at-large, 1981-1985, describing his participation in the US delegation led by Alexander Meigs Haig, US Secretary of State, 1981-1982, which was mediating between Argentina and Great Britain, following the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands, 2 Apr 1982, including his initial reaction to news of the invasion; joining the US delegation in London, (8 Apr 1982), discussions with Rt Hon Margaret Hilda Thatcher, British Prime Minister, 1979-1990, (8 Apr 1982); talks in Buenos Aires with Lt Gen Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri, President of Argentina, 1981-1982 and Dr Nicanor Costa Méndez, Argentine Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1981-1982, (9-10 Apr 1982), and Argentine dismissal of suggestions that Britain would take military action to recover the islands; private meetings with individual members of the Argentine Military Junta; proposals for the temporary tripartite administration of the islands preliminary to settlement of the sovereignty dispute; further talks with the British government (12-13 Apr 1982) and Argentine government (15-19 Apr 1982); Haig's meeting with the Argentine Military Junta (18 Apr 1982); and Argentine threat of Soviet intervention against Britain. 39pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Valentin Varennikov, deputy head of the Soviet General Staff from 1979-1984, relating to the Soviet attitude to Afghanistan; including the government under Nur Mohammad Taraki, President of the Revolutionary Council, Apr 1978-Sep 1979, and Hafizullah Amin, President of the Revolutionary Council, Sep-Dec 1979; the decision to send Soviet troops the Afghanistan; the course of the Afghan War, 1979-1989; the decision to withdraw Soviet forces from Afghanistan, (1986); the policies of Gorbachev. Also comments on the shooting down of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007, over Soviet airspace, Aug 1983. 31pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Soviet Gen Vadim Alekseyevich Kirpichenko, former KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopastny, the Soviet Committee for State Security) Officer, and Deputy Chief, Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, [1996], relating to the strategic importance of the Middle East to the USSR, [1953-1973]; Soviet relations with Gamal Abd al-Nasser, President of Egypt, 1954-1970; Soviet economic and military aid to Egypt, 1954-1973; the Soviet supply of arms to Egypt prior to the Six Day War, Jun 1967; speculation on whether Soviet influence could have prevented Egyptian involvement in the Six Day War, Jun 1967; the Soviet reaction to the Israeli victory in the Six Day War, 1967; the visit of Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny, Soviet Head of State, to Egypt and his opinion of Nasser, [1967]; the death of Nasser and his funeral, Cairo, Egypt, Sep 1970; the impact of Nasser's death on Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin, Sep 1970; the attempts by Muhammad Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, to ally Egypt with the USA, Apr 1971-1972; Kosygin's desire for the USSR and the USA to persuade Egypt and Israel to end the small scale clashes, border incidents and raids on each other's territory, 1969; the operational use of Soviet pilots in Egyptian Air Force units, 1969; the deployment of Soviet air defence units to Egypt, [1970-1971]; the expulsion, by Muhammad Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, of all Soviet military advisers from Egypt, 1972; the supply of Soviet military equipment to Egypt, 1972-1973; Soviet concerns at Egyptian preparations for the Yom Kippur War, 1973; the Soviet reaction to the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War, 6 Oct 1973; the Soviet attempts to stop the Yom Kippur War, Oct 1973; the Soviet reaction to US arms deliveries to Israel, Oct 1973; the placement of the US armed forces on DefCon 3 (Defense Condition, Level 3), a heightened status of readiness for a possible nuclear conflict, during the Middle East crisis, 1973; speculation on the creation of a joint US-Soviet peacekeeping force for the Middle East, 1973; the atmosphere and conditions in Cairo, Egypt, during the Yom Kippur War, Oct 1973; Soviet arms supplies to Egypt, Oct 1973; the Arab-Israeli peace process following the Yom Kippur War, Oct 1973; the withdrawal of Soviet influence in Egypt, 1972-1973. 40pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Saad El Din El Shazly, Egyptian army commander of special task force 1967, and Chief of Staff (1972-1973), relating to Egyptian relations with the Soviet Union during the 1960s and 1970s, including Soviet supplied of military equipment to Egypt; his involvement in the Six Day War, Jun 1967; the visit of Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt 1954-1970, to Moscow, 1972; the presence of Soviet military advisors in Egypt, 1970-1973; his experience during the Yom Kippur War, Oct 1967; negotiation of the ceasefire between Egypt and Israel. 72pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Russell Eliot Dougherty, USAF, [1960]-1974, relating to the differences in nuclear strategy between the administrations of US Presidents Dwight David Eisenhower and John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1960-1961; the US nuclear doctrine of massive retaliation, 1954-1960; the creation of the US 'nuclear triad', the deployment of three nuclear delivery systems, strategic bombers, Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs), [1965]; the US Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (B-MEWS), [1965]; the role of the US SAC B-52 squadrons in providing strategic deterrence in the Cold War, 1960-1970; the opinion in the USAF of Robert Strange McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, and of his 'whiz kids' defence advisors brought into the US Pentagon mostly from the RAND Corporation and the Harvard Business School, 1961-1968; Operation LINEBACKER II, the USAF conventional bombing by Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses of Hanoi and Haiphong, North Vietnam, Dec 1972; McNamara's relationship with US Gen Curtis E LeMay and Gen Thomas S Power, 1961-1968; the US nuclear doctrine of counterforce, emphasising limited nuclear strikes against an enemy's armed forces and not against civilian populations, 1962; the US strategic doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD), 1967; Dougherty's opinion of the USSR, [1960-1974]; the necessity of keeping nuclear armed B-52s in the air at all times to deter a Soviet pre-emptive first strike against US SAC bases, 1960-1970; the Palomares incident, the collision of a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress and a Boeing KC-135 tanker aircraft over Spain resulting in the loss of the two aircraft and the crash landing of four thermonuclear weapons, Jan 1966; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962. 28pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Pak Sun-Yup, Army of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), relating to the outbreak and conduct of the Korean War, 1950-1953, and his involvement in the truce talks at Kaesong, Jul 1951. 15pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Nikolai Sergeevich Leonov, KGB Intelligence Directorate, relating to Soviet US relations during the 1970s including the deployment of SS-20 'Saber' Mobile Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) by the USSR in Europe, 1974-1977 and the MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles by NATO in western Europe, Dec 1979; Soviet response to dissidents in the USSR and the raising of human rights issues by James Earl Carter, US President, 1977-1981, following the Helsinki Final Act; Soviet intervention in Poland and the declaration of martial law in Poland, 1981-1982; and Soviet policy on conflicts in the Middle East, Angola, and the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia and Somalia). 43pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Nikolai Leonov, KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopastny, the Soviet Committee for State Security) Department of Analysis and Information and Soviet Embassy Mexican Embassy, relating to the Soviet relations with South American communists including the government of Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala 1951-1954; the government of Salvador Allende, President of Chile, 1970-1973; and the Sandinista rebels in Nicaragua, [1978-1981]. 21pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Mikhail Mokrinsky, Soviet reconnaissance pilot, [1960], relating to Soviet reconnaissance flights over the Pacific Ocean to observe the US Fleet and the deployment of US aircraft carriers, [1961-1963]; the Soviet opinion of the ideological differences between the USSR and USA, [1961-1963]; the detonation by the USSR of a 50 megaton nuclear weapon, Novaya Zemlya Island, USSR, 30 Oct 1961; the Soviet development of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) and the reduction in production of strategic bombers, 1956-1958; Mokrinsky's aircraft almost crashing into the US Navy aircraft carrier USS MIDWAY, [1965]. 15pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Lee Jae Jeon, Army of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) [1950-1980], relating to his experience of the Korean war, 1950-1953, including the size of the opposing armies, the significance of US military assistance to South Korea, the capture of Pyongyang, the role of the Chinese People Liberation Army assisting the forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea); the leadership of Syngman Rhee, President South Korea, 1948-1960, US Gen MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the UN forces in South Korea, 1950-1951, and Gen Ridgeway Ridgeway, Commander in Chief, UN forces in South Korea, 1952-1953. 16pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Istvan Kovacs, Hungarian Army officer, relating to the role of the Hungarian Peoples Army during the Hungarian uprising, Oct 1956. 16pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Colin Powell, Chairman, US Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-1993, discussing the decision making process of US leaders on the conduct of the Gulf War, Aug 1990-Feb 1991 including meetings between US officials and Prince Bandar Bin Sultan Bin Abdul Aziz, Saudi Ambassador to the US, and meeting of George H W Bush, US President 1989-1993, with his advisors at Kennebunkport. Also comments on the development of the military operation, its objectives, success of the operation and the decision to cease hostilities. 55pp Previous Ref: Roll 35, 36, 37, 38

Typescript transcript of filmed interview with Gen Colin Powell, US Secretary of State, 2001-2005, describing his visit to Israel in reaction to the first siege of the compound of Yasser Arafat, President of the Palestinian National Authority 1994-2004, and the launch of Operation DEFENSIVE SHIELD by the Israel Defence Force (IDF), including meetings with Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel 2001-2006, and Yasser Arafat, and problems with Powell’s farewell statement, Apr 2002; meeting between George W Bush, US President 2001-2009, HRH Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (King of Saudi Arabia 2005-2015) and HRH Prince Bandar Bin Sultan Bin Abdulaziz, Ambassador of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the USA 1983-2005, at Crawford, Texas, Apr 2002; the formulation of a speech given by George W Bush calling for new Palestinian leadership, 24 Jun 2002; meetings between King Abdullah II of Jordan, George W Bush and Condoleezza Rice, US National Security Advisor 2001-2005, regarding the creation of the road map for peace plan and problems with the writing and implementation of the road map, 2002; negotiations during the summit held in Aqaba, Jordan, to implement the road map plan, Jun 2003; drafting the response from President Bush to the disengagement plan of Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel 2001-2006, Apr 2004; reaction to President Yasser Arafat’s death, Nov 2004.

Typescript transcript of Gen Brent Scowcroft, National Security Advisor, 1989-1993, interviewed by Brian Lapping, 10 Dec 1991, explaining circumstances surrounding decisions concerning US involvement in the Gulf War, Aug 1990-Feb 1991, and commenting on the significance of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Describes the US National Security Council meeting of 3 Aug 1990; White House meeting with Prince Bandar Bin Sultan Bin Abdul Aziz, Saudi Ambassador to US, 3 Aug 1990 concerning the defense of Saudi Arabia against Iraq; the role of sanctions against Iraq; the conversation of George H W Bush, US President 1989-1992, with Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister, 1979-1990, concerning the United Nations resolutions, [22] Aug 1990; meetings at Bush's summer holiday home at Kennebunkport, Maine, Aug 1990; meeting between Bush and Sheikh Jabir Al Ahmad Al Jabir Al Sabah, Emir of Kuwait, 28 Sep 1990; Iraqi attacks on Israel; Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's peace offer, 15 Feb 1991; discussions between Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev, President USSR, 1990-1991, concerning their response to the Iraqi invasion; and the decision to seek Congress support for US military intervention in Kuwait. 39 pp Previous Ref: Tape 26, 27

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Avraham Adan, Commander, Israeli Army 1973, relating to the conflict between Israel and Egypt, Yom Kippur War, Oct 1967, including the response of the Israel Army to the surprise invasion of Egyptian forces; the significance of the US agreement to resupply Israeli forces with military equipment; USSR support for Egyptian forces; Adan's involvement in battles near the Suez Canal; the negotiation of the ceasefire between Israel and Egypt; and Adan's attitude to the Camp David Accords, 1978. 35pp

Typescript transcript of interview with US Gen Andrew Jackson Goodpaster, Assistant to US Gen of the Army Dwight David Eisenhower, 1950-1952, Defense Liaison Officer and Staff Secretary to US President Eisenhower, 1954-1961, commanded US 8 Infantry Div, 1961-1962, Deputy Commander, US Forces in Vietnam, 1968-1969, and Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), 1969-1974, relating to US support for French forces in the French Indochina war, Vietnam, 1945-1953 and US Soviet relations during Eisenhower's term as US President, 1953-1961 including the Berlin and Suez crisis. 31pp

Typescript transcript of interview with US Gen Andrew Jackson Goodpaster, Assistant to US Gen of the Army Dwight David Eisenhower, 1950-1952, Defense Liaison Officer and Staff Secretary to US President Eisenhower, 1954-1961, commanded US 8 Infantry Div, 1961-1962, Deputy Commander, US Forces in Vietnam, 1968-1969, and Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), 1969-1974, relating to US national security policy at the beginning of US President Eisenhower's administration, 1953; the Korean War, 1950-1953; the importance of ending US involvement in the Korean War, 1953; the possibility of conflict between Italy and Yugoslavia over the port of Trieste, 1945-1954; confrontation between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan over the disputed islands of Quemoy-Matsu, [1953]; the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949, and membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 1955; US nuclear capability, 1953; the death of Soviet President Josef Vissarionovich Stalin, 5 Mar 1953; the 'solarium symposium', discussions within the Eisenhower administration on US relations with the USSR and the East European satellite countries, [1953]; Eisenhower's policy of containment towards the USSR, 1953-1961; Eisenhower's opinion of the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) investigation against Dr Julius Robert Oppenheimer, 1953-1954; the importance of the RAND Corporation in US defence policy, [1946-1950]; John von Neumann's 'game theory', strategic interaction in competitive and cooperative environments applied to economic theory, [1946-1947]; the announcement of the US Atoms for Peace programme to share nuclear knowledge with other countries, 1953; the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1957; the first Atoms for Peace Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 1955; US President Eisenhower's Open Skies proposal, to allow US and Soviet aircraft to overfly each other's countries to observe military installations, and for an exchange of military programmes to occur, [1953]; the 'bomber gap', the US belief that the USSR had more strategic bombers in operational service than the USAF, [1955-1957]; the launch of the Soviet Sputnik I and Sputnik II Earth orbiting satellites via SS-6 'Sapwood' Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), Oct and Nov 1957; the failed attempt by the USA to launch the Vanguard rocket, Dec 1957; the successful launch of Explorer I, the first US satellite, by JUPITER-C Missile RS-29, a modified Redstone rocket, Jan 1958; the Gaither Report, a Ford Foundation Commission Study, that concluded that the USSR was ahead of the USA in the production of nuclear missiles, Oct 1957; the US defense budget, 1953-1961; the US National Defense Education Act, to encourage the youth of the USA to excel in science and mathematics, 1958; the US use of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) piloted Lockheed U2 high altitude photographic reconnaissance aircraft in missions over the USSR to search for Soviet ICBM silos, 1956-1960; the shooting down, near Sverdlovsk, USSR, of a US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Lockheed U2 high altitude photographic reconnaissance aircraft, and the capture of the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, May 1960; the summit meeting between Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, and US President Eisenhower, Paris, France, May 1960; the US/Soviet arms race and the increase in the production and deployment of nuclear weapons, [1962-1969]; the official visit to the USA by Khrushchev, 1959; the ultimatum, by Khrushchev, to the western powers to withdraw from West Berlin, Germany, Nov 1958; the Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 1962; the recommendation from the US Technological Capabilities Panel (TCP) that ICBMs would replace strategic bombers as the primary nuclear weapon delivery system, [1955]. 38pp

Typescript transcript of interview with Gen Anatoly [Antonivanovich] Gribkov, USSR First Deputy of General Staff, relating to the Soviet response to NATO deployment of MGM-31C Pershing II Short Range Battlefield Support Missiles in western Europe, Dec 1979; the decision of the USSR to send troops into Afghanistan, Dec 1979; the rise of the union movement Solidarity, in Poland; the significance of Poland in Soviet foreign policy; and events leading up to the imposition of martial law in Poland, 1981-1982. 29pp