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Formerly the Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering was established in 1991. The main academic departments currently incorporated within the School are: the Centre of Construction Law and Management, Chemistry, Computer Science, Division of Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Telecommunications Research, Mathematics, Physics and the Management Centre.

The Class of Civil Engineering and Mining was founded at King's in 1838, mainly as a response to the growth of the railway system and the need for more qualified engineers. This became the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture and Science, as Applied to Arts and Manufactures in 1840. Over the next few years this department enlarged in scope and in 1844 became the Department of the Applied Sciences. This became the Department of Engineering and the Applied Sciences in 1874. In 1893 the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences was created as part of the Faculty of Science. The Faculty of Engineering was created in 1902, which originally was made up of the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Separate departments of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electronic and Electrical Engineering were formed, with Civil and Mechanical Engineering combining in 1935. Civil Engineering was then closed in 1989, whilst Mechanical Engineering and Electronic and Electrical Engineering, now the Department of Electronic Engineering, became part of the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering in 1991 and the Faculty of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences in 2019.

The Department of General Literature and Science came into being in 1839 in response to the need for a greater differentiation of the syllabus for students of the Senior Department at King's College London. As its name suggests, it constituted a broad faculty or grouping of subjects and classes that provided a core liberal syllabus in the arts and sciences available to all students of King's, including Medical students. Principal subjects included English Literature, Theology, Modern History, Classics, Modern Languages and Mathematics, but later instruction covered subjects as diverse as Geology, Law, Political Economy and Oriental Languages. In 1861 the department was divided into two sections, the General Section and the Oriental Section before dividing further into the Classical Division, Modern Division and the Oriental Section in 1869. The department was reorganised again in 1877 into the Classical Division, Modern Division, Indian Civil Service and Science Division and then renamed as the Department of General Literature and Science in 1878 when the Civil Service Department was opened. The division between General Literature and Science Departments, that took place in 1888, foreshadowed the replacement of General Literature by the new Faculty of Arts in 1893.

The origins of the Faculty of Arts lay in the Department of General Literature and Science. The Department came into being in 1839 in response to the need for a greater differentiation of the syllabus for students of the Senior Department at King's College London. As its name suggests, it constituted a broad faculty or grouping of subjects and classes that provided a core liberal syllabus in the arts and sciences available to all students of King's, including Medical students. Principal subjects included English Literature, Theology, Modern History, Classics, Modern Languages and Mathematics, but later instruction covered subjects as diverse as Geology, Law, Political Economy and Oriental Languages. The division between General Literature and Science Departments, that took place in 1888, foreshadowed the replacement of General Literature by the new Faculty of Arts in 1893. In 1904 the Department of Architecture and the Divisions of Laws and Economics were integrated into the Faculty of Arts until the Transfer Act of 1908 when the governance of King's College London was transferred to the University of London and a separate Faculty of Laws was established. The Faculty of Arts was replaced by the School of Humanities in 1989.

The Institute of Psychiatry was opened in 1923 as the medical school of the Maudsley Hospital, which was established in 1914 to treat the mentally ill. It was recognised by the University of London and changed its name to the Institute of Psychiatry in 1948, before becoming a school of King's College London in 1997.

The Biomedical Sciences Division formed part of the Faculty of Life Sciences, which later became the School of Life, Basic Medical and Health Sciences. It is now known as the GKT (Guy's, King's and St Thomas') School of Biomedical Sciences, formed in 1998 from the Biomedical Sciences and the Basic Medical Sciences Divisions at UMDS (United Medical and Dental Schools).

The Faculty of Education merged with the Chelsea College Centre for Science and Mathematics Education in 1985 to create the School of Education. The School then became the Department of Education and Professional Studies within the School of Social Science and Public Policy.

Law has been taught at King's since it opened formerly in 1831, and originally came under the Senior Department and then the Department of General Literature and Science. Under the Faculty of Arts from 1893, it was known as the Division of Laws and Economics. The Faculty of Laws was founded in association with the London School of Economics in 1909, and became known as the School of Law in 1991. It is a single department school, but is comprised of various research centres and groups, including the British Institute of Human Rights, set up in 1971, the Centre of European Law, founded in 1974, the Centre of Medical Law and Ethics, created in 1978, and the Centre of British Constitutional Law and History, established in 1988.

The Faculty of Life Sciences was established in 1985 following the merger of King's, Queen Elizabeth and Chelsea Colleges. Previously, its constituent departments had mainly formed part of the Faculty of Natural Science. The College's academic structure was reorganised into Schools in 1989, when the School of Life, Basic Medical and Health Sciences came into being. In 1998, this was subdivided into the School of Health and Life Sciences, and the School of Biomedical Sciences.

The Faculty of Science was originally founded in 1893, of which the Division of Natural Science formed a part, before becoming the Faculty of Natural Science in 1921. The Faculty was eventually closed in 1985 and its constituent departments and successors now fall mainly under the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering and the School of Life and Health Sciences.

The Department of Science was renamed the Faculty of Science in 1893 and consisted of the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and the Division of Natural Sciences. Engineering and Applied Sciences were briefly joined by Architecture from 1896. As part of the reoganisation during the transfer of King's College London to the University of London, the Faculty of Science was split into two separate faculties: the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences and the Faculty of Science including the Department of Bacteriology in 1903. The Faculty of Science soon increased to include Divisions of Natural Science, Medical [later Science] Division, Department of Bacteriology and the Department of Public Health. By 1921 the Faculty of Science was once again rearranged to become the Faculty of Natural Science.

The Education Department, part of the Faculty of Arts became the Faculty of Education in 1968, which then merged with the Chelsea College Centre for Science and Mathematics Education in 1985 to create the School of Education.

In 2017 the Cicely Saunders Institute moved from the Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine to join the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery to become the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care